This is associated first of all by the achieving and maintaining of an ideal body weight. Our third goal is the prevention or delay of the specific complications associated with diseases of the eye, kidney, and nerves. Finally, we try to stem the accelerating atherosclerosis to which the diabetic is particularly liable. Success in these therapies depends on how well the patient has been instructed and his conscientiousness in following directions. The avoidance of cigarette smoking, with regular daily exercise, the monitoring of the urine and blood sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides, blood pressure and body weight are all imperative. Basically, however, the treatment of diabetes revolves around an appropriate diet.
The dietary treatment must meet the basic nutritional requirements. These are usually the same as those of a nondiabetic patient and, of course, to be acceptable, taste, variety, economy, and other nutritional factors should be considered. The prevention of high blood sugar occurring after a meal is important to avoid aggravating the symptoms. On the other hand, if a person is taking insulin it is important to provide enough calories of the right type to prevent hypoglycemic reactions. Ideal body weight should be achieved as soon as possible. In order to delay the atherosclerotic complications, the diet should be low enough in fat and animal products to normalize the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
The basic caloric requirement is dictated by age, ideal weight, physical activity, climate, and the patient’ s occupation. An approximate calculation can be obtained by multiplying the ideal weight in pounds by ten. Individuals who are less active or past middle age should reduce their calories somewhat. Meals should be regular, usually spaced 5-6 hours apart. They are ideally limited to two or three meals a day, the latter especially for those taking insulin. I recommend taking the greater number of calories at breakfast, in order to provide energy during the active part of the day. Suppers should be light, eaten several hours before going to bed.
Careful regulation of the insulin level can usually avoid the necessity of a bedtime snack. The fat content of the diet should definitely be reduced from the 40% eaten by the average American. Protein should also be reduced slightly. The remaining calories should be obtained from complex
carbohydrates. This can lower the insulin requirement dramatically, and in many maturity onset diabetics, make a need for the needle entirely unnecessary. Some dietary suggestions for diabetics, as used in my institution, are presented in the accompanying tables. Insulin therapy is usually necessary for diabetes of juvenile onset. Several types are available, having fast, intermediate, and long duration of action.
Most of the insulin used in the United States today contains 100 units per milliliter. This has helped considerably to standardize the syringes and simplify the self-administration of this hormone. Regular or crystalline insulin is the shortest acting and is usually used for emergencies. Its duration of action is 6 to 8 hours. Intermediate acting insulins, such as NPH or Lente have a peak effect in 8-12 hours and usually last for 24. The longer-acting insulins are seldom used. At times, a second small dose of intermediate insulin before bedtime is preferable to increasing the daily dose.
It is preferable to have a small amount of sugar spill in the urine during the day than achieve such rigid glucose control as to render the patient hungry all the time or prone to hypoglycemic reactions. Be sure to rotate the sites of injections and use sterile techniques in the administration of all insulin hormones. Although many diabetic patients develop antibodies to the insulin used, only a few, about 0.1% will develop insulin resistance. A regular exercise program helps, in combination with the low fat diet, to lower daily insulin requirement. Using the more convenient but less physiologic oral diabetic pills should be discouraged, because of numerous side effects, particularly an increased acceleration of vascular complications. Hope is definitely on the way for patients with diabetes, who will eat properly, exercise regularly, and keep their weight under control.
The dietary treatment must meet the basic nutritional requirements. These are usually the same as those of a nondiabetic patient and, of course, to be acceptable, taste, variety, economy, and other nutritional factors should be considered. The prevention of high blood sugar occurring after a meal is important to avoid aggravating the symptoms. On the other hand, if a person is taking insulin it is important to provide enough calories of the right type to prevent hypoglycemic reactions. Ideal body weight should be achieved as soon as possible. In order to delay the atherosclerotic complications, the diet should be low enough in fat and animal products to normalize the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
The basic caloric requirement is dictated by age, ideal weight, physical activity, climate, and the patient’ s occupation. An approximate calculation can be obtained by multiplying the ideal weight in pounds by ten. Individuals who are less active or past middle age should reduce their calories somewhat. Meals should be regular, usually spaced 5-6 hours apart. They are ideally limited to two or three meals a day, the latter especially for those taking insulin. I recommend taking the greater number of calories at breakfast, in order to provide energy during the active part of the day. Suppers should be light, eaten several hours before going to bed.
Careful regulation of the insulin level can usually avoid the necessity of a bedtime snack. The fat content of the diet should definitely be reduced from the 40% eaten by the average American. Protein should also be reduced slightly. The remaining calories should be obtained from complex
carbohydrates. This can lower the insulin requirement dramatically, and in many maturity onset diabetics, make a need for the needle entirely unnecessary. Some dietary suggestions for diabetics, as used in my institution, are presented in the accompanying tables. Insulin therapy is usually necessary for diabetes of juvenile onset. Several types are available, having fast, intermediate, and long duration of action.
Most of the insulin used in the United States today contains 100 units per milliliter. This has helped considerably to standardize the syringes and simplify the self-administration of this hormone. Regular or crystalline insulin is the shortest acting and is usually used for emergencies. Its duration of action is 6 to 8 hours. Intermediate acting insulins, such as NPH or Lente have a peak effect in 8-12 hours and usually last for 24. The longer-acting insulins are seldom used. At times, a second small dose of intermediate insulin before bedtime is preferable to increasing the daily dose.
It is preferable to have a small amount of sugar spill in the urine during the day than achieve such rigid glucose control as to render the patient hungry all the time or prone to hypoglycemic reactions. Be sure to rotate the sites of injections and use sterile techniques in the administration of all insulin hormones. Although many diabetic patients develop antibodies to the insulin used, only a few, about 0.1% will develop insulin resistance. A regular exercise program helps, in combination with the low fat diet, to lower daily insulin requirement. Using the more convenient but less physiologic oral diabetic pills should be discouraged, because of numerous side effects, particularly an increased acceleration of vascular complications. Hope is definitely on the way for patients with diabetes, who will eat properly, exercise regularly, and keep their weight under control.
Get the RSS feed